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“The causes of miscarriage at different times may vary, but may also coincide, — explains Alla Meshcheryakova, obstetrician-gynecologistCandidate of Medical Sciences, Consultant of the Women’s Medical Center. — The most important thing is to understand why this happened to you. Finding the cause, you can avoid another loss.

Causes of early miscarriages

“Unfortunately, to this day, it is not always possible to find out the medical cause of a miscarriage. Cell division from the moment of fertilization occurs millions of times, and failure may occur at any of the segments of the biological program.— He speaks Michael Berkenheim, gynecologist-endocrinologistspecialist of the medical center «Marriage and family». — The body “feels” the problem and activates the mechanisms that terminate the pregnancy.” Among the causes of miscarriage in the early stages, there are several main ones.

Malformations of the embryo (mainly chromosomal)

“According to various studies, from 70 to 90% of rejected embryos had chromosomal abnormalities, — He speaks Alla Meshcheryakova. — These defects are random and do not recur in other pregnancies. Perhaps, at the time of the birth of a new life, the woman was taking medication, was sick, took alcohol, was under severe stress …. In this case, nature finds the easiest way to correct the mistake — to get rid of the defective embryo. For a woman, this is always a tragedy, but I always say in such cases — a tragedy, this is the birth of a sick, non-viable child.

Endocrine disorders

These include an excess of male sex hormones, a lack of female hormones, and an imbalance of thyroid hormones. All this, as a rule, acts as an obstacle to the very onset of pregnancy. If fertilization occurs, the embryo cannot be fixed in the uterus (its inner mucous layer, the endometrium, is too thin for this). As a result, the fertilized egg is rejected. Another hormonal problem is an increase in the tone of the uterus (contraction of the uterine muscles, which provokes the expulsion of the fetus).

Untreated urogenital infections (chlamydia, trichomoniasis)

The causative agents of these infections are transmitted to the fetus through the placenta. As a result, the fetal membranes become infected, they are destroyed, the amniotic fluid is poured out and a miscarriage occurs.

Inflammatory processes in the uterus

They can be associated with both abortions and diseases that are not directly related to gynecology — such complications can be caused, for example, by influenza or tonsillitis.

Features of the immune system

In the mother’s blood, antibodies are formed that are hostile to the child. All this, as a rule, can be predicted and neutralized in advance. Most often, a conflict occurs if the mother has a negative Rh factor blood, and the child is positive.

Anatomy of the uterus

The pathology of the development of this organ can interfere with the growth of the fetus or disrupt its blood supply.

Violation of blood hemostasis

In women with habitual miscarriage (3 or more miscarriages), disorders of the blood coagulation system are often detected. Over the past 20 years, this problem has been developed by scientific and practical group of the Moscow Medical Academy. Sechenov under the guidance of Professor Alexander Makatsaria. They proved that latent defects in hemostasis more often than anything else lead to premature termination of pregnancy. «Blood coagulation disorders leading to pregnancy loss can be divided into 2 groups, — explains Mikhail Berkenheim. — Thrombophilic (increased blood clotting). And hemorrhagic (reduced clotting, tendency to bleed).

The main hemorrhagic changes can manifest themselves in childhood in the form of increased bleeding with bruises, cuts, tooth extractions and the onset of menstruation. But sometimes they declare themselves only during pregnancy and cause a miscarriage. Bleeding in early pregnancy and chorionic detachment can be very difficult to stop.

Thrombophilic changes are caused by acquired and genetic defects. Acquired is the diagnosis of “antiphospholipid syndrome”, which is quite common in our time. In almost half of the cases, it develops as a complication after an infection (any, even the flu). Genetic defects are inherited. Increased blood clotting leads to such serious problems as the formation of blood clots, including in the vessels of the placenta. As a result, the fetus receives less oxygen and nutrients, which can lead to its death.

“The statistics of spontaneous abortions also includes the so-called“ frozen ”pregnancy, — complements Alla Meshcheryakova. — Sometimes the fetus dies, but some reason is retained in the uterine cavity. Most often this is detected by ultrasound. This is quite dangerous, since the dead fetus may begin to decompose, and this will lead to poisoning of the mother’s body. It is necessary to carry out surgical curettage, which is also associated with the risk of inflammation and complications. Therefore, the next pregnancy should be planned no earlier than a year later, when the body is fully restored.

Signs of a miscarriage

If you consult a doctor with the first signs of a threat, then in some cases the pregnancy can be saved. These include:
— pulling or cramping pains in the lower abdomen or in the lower back;
— bloody discharge from the genital tract;

All of the above symptoms are a good reason to call a doctor. Before his arrival, the woman needs to lie down on her left side, her legs should be higher than her head (they can be put on a pillow).

Prevention of early miscarriages

Today, every fifth pregnancy ends in a miscarriage. Alas, this is not least due to the excessive employment of expectant mothers: they simply do not have time to regularly visit a doctor, and even more so go to the hospital for preservation. Questions «how dangerous?» and “what to do?” solved via the Internet… And here is the result… During this period it is very important to prioritize. Jobs, careers, money are ultimately only means. The meaning of life is in its continuation.

“In the first trimester of pregnancy, it is necessary to adjust the lifestyle, — complements Alla Meshcheryakova. — Many women, neglecting all known rules, endanger their pregnancy. Quit smoking (or at least minimize the number of cigarettes you smoke), alcohol, do not take any medication without consulting a doctor, keep chronic diseases under control etc.«.

The modern level of medicine allows you to correct most of the internal causes that become the causes of miscarriage. But for this they need to be diagnosed, so ideally, before conception, it makes sense for both future parents to undergo an appropriate examination. In a number of medical clinics, there are one-day programs where all the necessary primary tests and studies can be done in a day.

If a woman has already experienced a miscarriage, it is necessary to find out its cause. For this, according to indications and based on the current situation, the doctor prescribes various studies. “In some cases, a histological examination of the endometrium of the uterus is necessary, — He speaks Michael Berkenheim. — This will allow to reveal the inflammatory reaction in the cavity of this organ. In all cases, a vaginal smear is taken to study the qualitative and quantitative composition of the microflora, as well as PCR. It is also necessary to study the hormonal profile of a woman. With habitual miscarriage, blood hemostasis studies are mandatory. Also, after a miscarriage, it is advisable to do an ultrasound in combination with Doppler mapping of the arteries of the uterus and ovaries. This will allow us to assess the functional state of the uterus and ovaries, to determine the cause of their pathological changes, if any.”